The Different Types of Aircraft Hazards and Support Equipment for ARFF

To become a firefighter is not an easy job. To become an aircraft rescue and firefighter (ARFF) takes a special individual because of the unique level of duties it requires. There is a great deal of preparation and skills that ARFF personnel must have to respond effectively to any aircraft accident or incident. â€Å"Because of the extensive nature of emergencies† that ARFF personnel may come across, they must be well trained to handle any of these circumstances (Jenkins, 2008). ARFF personnel are and have to be universal in a wide range of duties. ARFF personnel must have the comprehension and ability to handle fires, emergencies, and any other types of situations that they may encounter. Some other requirements for ARFF personnel to have may include an emergency medical technician (EMT) certificate or a paramedic license. â€Å"ARFF personnel will likely encounter rescue, mass-casualty, fire fighting, and hazardous material operations† (IFSTA, 2008). ARFF pers onnel are usually the first to respond to an aircraft incident or accident and must be fully prepared to address any hazards or dangers at the scene. This paper will discuss the different types of aircraft hazards and support equipment for ARFF personnel. The Different Types of Aircraft Hazards and Support Equipment for ARFF Personnel There are many types of aircraft hazards that ARFF personnel will encounter and/or must be familiar with at an airport. ARFF personnel must know and understand the different types of aircraft hazards. Aircraft accidents will have potential hazards that involve fluids, structures, and components which can all burn at high temperatures. ARFF personnel should always avoid inhalation or ingestion of smoke, fumes, and particles of a... ...y dangers and hazards during any emergency rescue and firefighting operation. ARFF personnel must be familiar with and know how to respond to any emergency. ARFF personnel have the skills from advanced training and experience to quickly respond to and rescue people from aircraft accidents or incidents. Technology has enhanced ARFF personnel’s capabilities and abilities to respond quicker during emergency rescue and firefighting operations. PPE and other safety equipment help protect ARFF personnel and must be worn at all times while performing any emergency rescue and firefighting operations. ARFF apparatus, support vehicles, and support equipment must be maintained and ready to support ARFF personnel during emergency rescue and firefighting operations. ARFF personnel has an extremely complex and universal profession which some people call a modern day hero.

Colorism in the African American Society

Racism has been a very prominent issue most commonly between black and white people. Although it is the most acknowledged; it is not the only example of race discrimination. Race discrimination occurs among other ethnicities and backgrounds of people. Sometimes race discrimination can transpire because of people’s point of views on certain things, such as religion, color, age, or even gender. In the stories, â€Å"The Wife of His Youth† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† racism and some other forms of discrimination are present, but surprisingly it isn’t one race opposing another. It is black on black racism, or more specifically â€Å"colorism;† this is discrimination based on skin color (Nittle 1). â€Å"Wife of His Youth,† a short story by Charles Chesnutt addresses the tussles of race as a light skinned and dark African American subsequently to the American civil war, through the characters Mr. Ryder and Liza Jane. While equally black; the lighter skin (Mr. Ryder) had a social advantage during segregation eras. Kate Chopin’s story â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† has a comparable theme in despite of its setting; it took place previous to the civil war. It concerns Desiree and her husband Armand; who give birth to a darker skinned child. Their fear that society would discard them leads the story to a tragic ending. Although, Charles Chesnutt’s story was written after the civil war and Kate Chopin’s was written prior to the civil war, both stories show that discrimination still existed categorically within African American ethnic groups. A gross amount of Charles Chesnutt works exemplifies the hardships he endured in the south as a light African American more specifically â€Å"Wife of His Youth,† which is a short story that took place after the civil war. Chesnutt satirically reveals not only the difficulties faced by racially blended individuals but also their intense prejudices against more darkly shaded African Americans. Chesnutt himself was a product of mixed marriage as well: indeed he was identified as an African American however he often referred to himself as white American too (Rossetti 1). Mr. Ryder who was the main character in the short story, â€Å"The Wife of His Youth† by Charles Chesnutt, had a similar biography as Chesnutt. Mr. Ryder was well respected by his society called the Blue Veins. According to Fleischmann, â€Å"Their existence, as little society of colored persons [whose] purpose it was to establish and maintain correct social standard among a people whose social condition presented almost unlimited room for improvement† ( Chesnutt 463). This Blue Veins society was a society within the larger society. The larger society also known as the â€Å"white powered society† had no place for African Americans. There was no room for middle ground where African American and Caucasians could prosper. The Blue Veins society was created so that lighter skinned, colored people whose skin appeared so white that their veins showed like Mr. Ryder, could have significant membership in this white society. (Chesnutt 1)They did not want to be categorized with the darker African American groups. In the short story, â€Å"No one was eligible for membership who was not white enough to show Blue Veins† (Chesnutt 1). With this short story Chesnutt demonstrates that color matters within the race. The Blue Veins society does not emphasize culture of the race but how light their skin color appears. People like Liza Jane, the wife of Mr. Ryder would not be qualified for membership in his society because she was exceptionally black and her social rank in society was a former as a plantation worker. As the reader’s proceeds towards the end, some may detest Mr. Ryder true emotions. The reader may realize that although Mr. Ryder initially tried to abscond from his black ancestry through the Blue Veins society; he is conflicted with this guilt. Liza Jane suddenly shows up at Mr. Ryder’s house with determination to find her husband (originally named Same Taylor but now known as Mr. Ryder). Unaware that she is indeed talking to Mr. Ryder; she starts telling him her story, and how she has been scouring around town for her husband. Eventually, Mr. Ryder confesses that he is Liza Jane’s long lost husband however it was not until he gained recognition from the Blue Veins Society. In the short story it says: My friends, what would the man do? I will suppose that he was one who loved honor, and tried to deal justly with all men. I will even carry the case further, and suppose that perhaps he had set his heart upon another, whom he had hoped to call his own. What would he do, or rather what ought he to do, in such a crisis of a lifetime? â€Å"It seemed to me that he might hesitate, and I imagined that I was an old friend, a near friend, and that he had come to me for advice; and I argued the case with him. I tried to discuss it impartially. After we had looked upon the matter from every point of view, I said to him, in words that we all know: ‘This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Then, finally, I put the question to him, ‘Shall you acknowledge her? ‘(Chesnutt 796) The Blue Veins society is so fixated on looks that, Mr. Ryder is almost afraid to acknowledge his wife without the approval from their society. He knew that this society discriminated against darker complexion African Americans so he was unsure on whether or not they would admit Liza Jane. Charles Chesnutt demonstrates that racism within race exists and that color does m atters. However, the challenge is for the person to understand their racial history and to mature from these understandings. Another character that has been overpowered by his racial history is Armand Aubigny from the short story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† written by Kate Chopin. â€Å"Of all her works Kate Chopin is perhaps best known for ‘Desiree’s Baby. ’ It is the most Anthologized of all her short stories† (Cruz 430). Chopin tells the story about Desiree an adopted child whose parent’s heritage was unknown. When she became a woman, her beauty attracted the attention of Armand Aubigny, a neighboring plantation owner. These two characters later get married and bear a son. As time goes by the child starts to appear more black than white. When Desiree confronts situation about the child’s complexion; Armand holds her accountable because of her unknown parentage; not knowing that he too has some responsibility in the baby’s complexion. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† takes place in the south prior to the Civil War. In fact, it is one of the few short stories written by Kate Chopin that is set before the Civil War (Kate Chopin â€Å"Desiree’s† Baby 1) Around this era, many mixed blood children like Armand and Desiree leaned towards their white heritage to avoid difficulties that the dark African American had to experience such as: lynching, beating, theft, sexual humiliation, slavery, etc. Armand Aubigny, one of the characters in this short story was forced by this era to suppress his past and keep his African American ancestry hidden. He knew being from a darker descent; it would bring complications and unfair treatment for him in the white society. Two ways he concealed his past and his ancestry was: after discovering that the baby’s darker complexion; he threw Desiree and the baby out of his home. In the short story Desiree says to him â€Å"Shall I go Armand? † and he replied back, â€Å"Yes go† (Chopin 3). He also confiscated all the things that reminded him of his African American ancestry, and burnt them; leaving no evidence of him ever being black. One of the items burnt was a letter from his mom to his father saying that, she â€Å"belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery† (Chopin 4). The reader is uncertain on whether Armand was successful with keeping his secret however such secrets are painful to hold. Oslyn Reso Foy states in one of her articles that â€Å"Armand moved out of the conventions that have governed his life and Chopin strips him of the veils that have hidden his real self† (223). Armand learns that it is important to embrace your own ethnicity instead of trying to affiliate with another. A different illustration of discrimination within the race in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is the behavior towards of the baby’s complexion. In the beginning of the story, Madame Valmonde had arrived for a visit at Desiree’s Home. She was shaken by the baby and hesitated to believe that it was theirs. â€Å"This is not the baby! † Madame Valmonde exclaimed, in startled tone (Chopin 2). By the way she responded to the baby’s appearance validates her concern the outcome of the baby’s appearance. This leaves the audience with a matter of uncertainty on whether the baby would have gotten the same treatment; if it was a lighter complexion. Armand actions too changed when he realizes the baby is dark skin. In the article, â€Å"Semiotic Subversion in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ announces that â€Å"before he turned against his wife and baby, Armand was the proudest father†¦Marriage and later the birth of his son had softened Armand Aubigny imperious and exacting nature greatly† ( Peel 226). Armand wanted a son however he preferred a white skinned baby instead of a dark skinned baby. Not knowing Desiree’s unknown heritage backfired on him and left him with a son whose complexion was darker than both of theirs instead of lighter. In today society racism, segregation, discrimination, etc. is generally publically terminated and against the law; we see ample amount of mixed couples especially in the media, who seem to disregard race or even skin color. However this doesn’t mean that â€Å"colorism† is nonexistent. This type of prejudice happens but it is so taboo that it is kept hidden from the society. A lot African Americans have to take on the hardships of being segregated from within their own thnic group. Ever since days of slavery prior to the civil war, many people felt that light skin color is better and more favorable than darker skin color. Time after time white Americans’ view of authority and the violation of dark skin color have made the African American to dismiss and categorize one another. For example in the media now, we s ee less and less of the darker complexion actresses. In an article, called â€Å"What They Don’t Want You to Know,† it says â€Å"In Hollywood, Black male characters are played by black actors while black female characters are played by actresses that are more often than no mixed† (2). Although society has not made massive news headline on this specific topic, it does not mean it is not dually noticed as an issue. For instance in today’s society, you are not considered as beautiful if don’t have the same characteristics as the white people. The men in the short stories, â€Å"My Wife of His Youth† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† were attracted some of these females characters because they favored white women. As mention before, Armand and Mr. Ryder wanted to escape their African American ancestry and all the tribulations that came with it. In order to forget their past; they needed a woman that could give them a white skinned baby. Someone that can lower the chances of their child being dark skinned. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby, Desiree had long silky brown hair that hung about her shoulders, her eyes were grey and her skin was whiter than her husband, Armand (Chopin 3). All these characteristics which Armand considered to be beauty resembled of a white woman. In the story â€Å"The Wife of His Youth,† before Liza Jane’s arrival, Mr. Ryder was ready to propose to Mrs. Dixon. In the story â€Å"Molly Dixon possessed many attractive qualities†¦. she was whiter than he† (Chesnutt 790). In retrospect, Charles Chesnutt and Kate Chopin works provide developing ideas of discrimination between races during and after the civil war. This theme is exemplified through their short stories particularly in â€Å"The Wife of His Youth and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby. † In conclusion whether or not you are of substantially a lighter skinned complexion or a darker skinned complexion, individuals in the African American community should not be treated differently by society due to this aspect.

Careers for an Economics Major

Being an economics major means youve taken (or will take) classes that explore finance, psychology, logic, and mathematics, among others. But just what kinds of jobs can you look for that will utilize everything youve learned and done as an economics major? Fortunately, an economics major allows you to take a variety of interesting, engaging, and rewarding jobs. Jobs for Economics Majors 1. Teach. You chose to pursue a career in economics because you love it—and, most likely, because someone somewhere along the way helped spark that passion in both your heart and brain. Consider igniting that kind of interest in someone else by teaching. 2. Tutor. Economics may come easy to you, but many people struggle with it. You just might be able to make a career out of tutoring economics to high school students, college students, and anyone else who needs a little help. 3. Work at a college or university doing research. Think about it: You already have connections at your institution in the Economics department, and youre one of the freshest minds on the market. Consider doing academic research with a professor or department at your own or a nearby college or university. 4. Work at an institute doing research. If you like the idea of research but want to branch out a little from your college days, consider doing research at a think tank or other research institute. 5. Work for an economics magazine or journal. As an economics major, you no doubt came to understand how important journals are in the field. Working at a magazine or journal can be a really great gig that exposes you to a ton of new ideas and people. 6. Work for a large company in the business department. Put your economics training to good use by working on the business side of things for a large company. 7. Work at a nonprofit that helps people improve their economic situation in America. Fortunately, there are an abundance of nonprofits out there that help people do everything from save for a house, learn how to budget better, or get out of debt. Find one that matches your interests and see if theyre hiring. 8. Work at a nonprofit that helps people internationally. Other nonprofits work to improve the economic conditions of people across the globe. If you want a larger impact, consider working for a nonprofit with an international mission you believe in. 9. Work at an investment or financial planning firm. Learning more about the markets in a hands-on kind of way can be an interesting, exciting job. Find an investment or financial planning firm that has an ethos you like and see what you can do! 10. Help a nonprofit with the business side of the house. Nonprofits do great work, from helping promote community gardens to bringing music into classrooms. They all, however, have to make sure their business affairs are in order—and need people like you to help. 11. Work in the government. The government has many different offices and departments that deal with the business side of governance. See whos hiring and go to bed knowing youre helping your career and Uncle Sam. 12. Work for a political organization. Political organizations (including election campaigns) often need advice on handling economics issues, creating policy positions, etc. Put your training to use while also being involved in the political system. 13. Work for a consulting firm. Consulting firms can be a great gig for someone who knows theyre interested in finance and business, but isnt sure yet about which sector theyd like to go into. Consulting will expose you to a lot of different companies and situations while providing you with a reliable and interesting job. 14. Work in journalism. Econ major? In journalism? Explaining things like economic policy, the markets, corporate culture, and business trends is very difficult for many people—except economics majors, who often have a better understanding of these kinds of issues than most folks out there. Consider using your understanding of all-things-economics-related to help others understand them better, too.

What Is an Intensive Property

An intensive property is a property of matter that does not change as the amount of matter changes. It is a bulk property, which means it is a physical property that is not dependent on the size or mass of a sample. In contrast, an extensive property is one that does depend on sample size. Examples of extensive properties include mass and volume. The ratio of two extensive properties, however, is an intensive property (e.g., density is mass per unit volume). Examples of Intensive Properties Examples of intensive properties include: DensitySpecific GravitySpecific HeatTemperatureHardnessRefractive IndexBoiling PointConcentrationPressureSpecific VolumeChemical PotentialColorMolality

Abortion Is A Religious Issue - 1931 Words

Abortion is a word with unpleasant connotations, it’s a word mixed in controversy, whipping up passions and tempers, dipping into religions, politics and even personal ethics. In short it is a woman versus the rest of the world issue. Abortion is a religious issue because some faiths believe that life begins at the time of conception but when these religions foist their beliefs on the nation by making them laws this is a cause of great concern for those religions that are pro-choice. Judaism, for example, believe that life begins at birth. For them it is a violation of religious independence. A fetus is not physically attached to the woman carrying it but more importantly its well being and health depends on her health as well. They are separated and acquire separate identities only at the time of birth. Pain can be perceived in infants only after 20 weeks according the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. The reflex actions present before this period do not indicate any ability to feel pain. Abortions are almost always performed before 24 weeks. People who oppose abortion who believe women have abortions for their own convenience belittle the trauma women go through when making this decision. Motherhood cannot be undervalued. It is a lifelong responsibility. The baby has never asked to be born so the responsibility lies with the women carrying it, to provide it with a decent life. If for whatever reason the baby is not welcome, the woman has the right to terminate theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Abortion: A Religious Issue1359 Words   |  6 Pages Abortion: A Religious Issue nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the toughest issues to debate in our world today is abortion. Abortion is the induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus can survive. Nowadays, abortion affects all people, not just the mother and the baby. There are moral, ethical, health-related, political, and religious aspects that affect how people feel towards abortion. By looking at religion and its views, one can see just how hard it would be to argue in the pro-choiceRead MoreAbortion And Its Effect On Society1272 Words   |  6 PagesIn society today, abortion takes place on a daily basis. Abortions have been a subject of medical, lawful, religious, and moral intrigue for a long time. As a legislative issue in the United States, abortion has been acknowledged and subsequently managed for many years. In the mid 1800s, every state that had developed at the time had also created some form of abortion law. To this day, 60% of abortion laws we face today were enacted in that period (Hardin , 1969). However, even before these restrictiveRead MoreAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to the 5th century, and nowadays it cuts through all religious denomination causing divide and discord in people’s religious stand against or for it. The 1760 BCE has shown the earliest written records about abortion in which fines were levied against the perpetrators of these crimes. The fines against this crime have been accounted in the Code of Hammurabi. In 515- 500 BCE, the Chinese wrote a note thatRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Of Abortion858 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological effects attributed of abortion. This is said because if a woman is a member a strong religious group with equally strong views opposing abortion she may begin to feel as though she has to end the abortion due to feelings of shame and guilt associated with the abortion or because she doesn’t want to bring shame upon her family. These two very strong feelings may only intensify once having an abortion ,but it’s necessary to no te that before the actual abortion she was experience a collectionRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Abortion in Todays Society1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is the medical procedure when it is induced on purpose to extract the fetus from the uterus. When abortion occurs without purpose, it is usually referred to as miscarriage; such instance causes psychological problems in a woman and affects her perception of the fetus. The number of moral and ethical considerations on the problem of abortions can be considered from a variety of perspectives that include economic, medical, social, and religious aspects of the phenomenon. Many case studiesRead MoreAbortion And When Life Begins : A Criticism Of Pro Life1105 Words   |  5 Pages028 8 December 2014 Abortion and When Life Begins: A Criticism of â€Å"Pro-Life† Abortion is consistently one of the most dividing issues in any social situation—it can pit family members against each other, husbands against wives, friends against friends, and is frequently misunderstood as an issue with complete â€Å"black or white† transparency that yields only two labels: â€Å"pro-life† and â€Å"pro-choice.† However, it happens too often that we are distracted by details of the abortion process and logicalRead MoreHow Public Opinion Influences Participation Both within the United States and Mexico1778 Words   |  7 PagesAs discussed in lecture, abortion is an issue that is pretty clear-cut, those who oppose, tend to oppose it without the opportunity to compromise. Likewise, those who are pro- choice are similarly unlikely to shift on their position. It is in this social context of abortion sparring in which interestingly enough both the United States and Mexico find themselves today. Public participation in both the United S tates and Mexico is shaped by the division between the religious and secularists, is affectedRead MoreGive Your Child a Chance at Life667 Words   |  3 Pages Abortion is one of the many topics that everyone has an opinion about. Whether you are for or against it everyone has an opinion about it. In our society it is a huge controversial issue that everyone is dealing with on a religious, personal or political aspect. Even though it was declared that abortion is a fundamental right in 1973 there is still debate about it on many different levels. 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Physics Ia Free Essays

Investigating Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion using an Air-track Introduction: My experiment is investigating the Newton’s 2nd law of motion by using an Air-track. The air-track can make the trolley frictionless by testing the velocity with different weights and shows that F=ma. Research question: How much acceleration does the frictionless trolley has? Aim: Use the air track to measure the acceleration of the no friction trolley by hanging with different mass of weights. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Ia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apparatus: * 1 air track * Weights (40g, 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g, 100g) * 1 string (bigger than 200cm) (plastic) 1 frictionless trolley (160g) * 1 pair of scissors * 2 sensors * 2 clamps * 1 ruler * 2 light gates * 1 Pulley * 1 data logger Variables: Independent: the mass pulls down the frictionless trolley. Dependent: the time taken when the frictionless trolley travel through two light gates. Fix: the distance of the light gates and the height of the light gates. Uncertainties: The strength of the plastic string after pulling a lot of weights. Procedure: 1. Put two light gates 50 cm between each other, the lights gates hanging by the clamps. 2. Hang the string one side to the frictionless trolley and another side on the hook which for hanging the weights. 3. Put the string on the wheel. 4. Put the frictionless trolley on the air-track at the distance of 170 cm. 5. Hang 40 g weights on the hook. 6. The frictionless trolley move forwards by the weights. The light gates will automatically recording the speed of the trolley takes and record down the data on the data logger. 7. Repeat the lab 5 times and do with other weights 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g, 100g as the same procedure. Diagram: Out line (not to scale): How the air track works: Air track is a device use for study motion in low friction environment. The air pump out of the small holes on the track and that allows the trolley got lifted and frictionless. Data Table: Conclusion The newton’s second law is the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on the body and takes place in same direction. It’s according to my lab that the trolley is moving in one direction. Also the graph shows the a curve which shows the change of momentum is directly proportional to the unbalanced force olley. acting on the t How to cite Physics Ia, Essay examples

Unanimity Necessary for a Democratic Decision †Free Samples

Question: Is Unanimity Necessary for a Democratic Decision to Be Fully Justified? Answer: Introducation The term democracy refers to a method of making group decisions that are characterized by equality among the members, especially at the initial stages of the decision making. From this definition, it should be noted that democracy concerns collective decision making and the decision are for the group and bind on all of them. Additionally, there are several ways of making a democratic decision. However, the definition carries no normative weight to it. The equality principle under democracy may refer to a mere formality of one-person-one-vote principle in an election or more robust options that put emphasis on unanimity and focus on deliberations. A democratic decision can also involve direct participation of members of a community in making laws that govern them.[1] This paper presents an analysis of this concept with the view of making it clear that unanimity has serious defects and cannot be the only way to justify a democratic decision fully. The definition of democracy and the kn own defects of unanimity rule make it clear that unanimity is not necessary for a democratic decision to be justified. The objective of democracy is to give members of a community the right to make a decision concerning things that affect them. While some critics have argued it is impossible to justify a democratic decision if there is no unanimity fully, it should be noted that unanimity is not always possible to achieve. For that reason, leaders should appreciate that there is no perfect way to lead and choose approaches that are practical.[2] To find out whether unanimity rule must be a component of all democratic decisions, an experts holds that one needs to evaluate whether it always distribute decision-making power equally.[3] At first glance, one notices that unanimity rule gives each member of the community an absolute veto power. Critics do say by doing this, it privileges no particular voter, and every of them can decide the destiny of their community. Additionally, if a positive outcome results from a decision that was made based on actual unanimity, every voter will feel part of the success. That could be true if the person voted d differently as well. To this extent, unanimity appears to guarantee to the best way to upholding democratic principles in the community. If this were the case, unanimity rule would be a way to lead. However, Corley says the decision-making costs of implementing this rule are high and difficult to realize. A great illustration is a situation when a vast majority of the members of an executive committee vote for a project and, at the extreme, only one person votes against it. If that organization wants to observe the humanity rule, that agenda has failed.[4] The same case can apply a country with millions of voters, and if only a single voter rejects a particular leader, a new election must be called. In these two cases, the votes of the clear majority are effective. In this way, this rule denies the rest of the power the authority to make any decision, which means under unanimity rule; each voter has no equal power. The failure of unanimity rule to give all members of the community in practice makes it less favorable. It can hold the community back since people always has divergent views. This failure leads the world to majority rule. This for this democratic voting aggregation method lies in its ability to guarantee prospective equality of power and at the same time maximizes retrospective equality of power.[5] The formula of one vote, one person, is guaranteed by prospective equality of power. This is so given that before the moment of vote aggregation, all people have equal chances on determining the outcome of the democratic decision-making process.[6] This type of equality is, of course, compatible with a variety of mechanism for choosing the outcome from the numerous possible conflicting preferences that people show by means of voting. A procedure such as a coin-flip that randomly selected an individuals manifested preference, for example, can still satisfy it. In such a case, options can be placed on the agenda and then adequately discussed in the same way as in the course of ordinary collective decisions. After the agenda has been narrowed down to a few options, when the time to make a decision comes, every individual choose the option that they favor. Each person indicates his or her choice by one singly-weighed vote and dropping the option on a ballot. One ballot material is randomly selected, and that can still constitute the democratic decision of the group. This method is consistent with prospective equality at the initial stage. Given that a major basis of dismissing unanimity is that is not practical, it is worthwhile to consider if there is a better way of justifying democracy. According to the above analysis, it is difficult to implement majority rule and meets all the requirements of democracy. It is, therefore, not logical to insist that public decision must be determined by the will of the majority. Some experts consider majority rule as an improvement on retrospective equality. Albert[7] explains that this is a major setback. He indicates that the problem with this type of equality is that procedures that give people the initial equal rights to determine outcomes of decisions may differ in the way in which they choose manifested preferences as determinants of outcomes. According to the analysis, the high possibility of many incompatible alternatives gaining some sort of support makes it mandatory for the chances of the decision-making procedures to incorporate a mechanism for later stage selection of given preferences to determine the outcome Albert argues that this mechanism can only be formulated as a numerical quota. Additionally, the later stage numerical quota rule of simple majority complies with peoples intuitions concerning the essence of democracy as it maximizes retrospective equality in a unique way. Albert groups later-stage numerical quota criteria into four mutually exclusive and logically exhaustive groups. These categories a simple majority, stipulated majority criteria, simple minority criteria, and stipulated minority criteria. Of these four contenders, only the two types of majority criteria are widely used. The minority systems are implausible contenders as they are considered to be intuitively undemocratic. Besides, they can approximate the majority systems. In practice, they cannot work. If voters were to know that the winning proposal will be the option with the least number of votes, all they would is try to push their preference over the minority limit simply. This system would make the minority to be mirror image the majority system. In effect, for that reason, the two minority criteria would collapse into majority criteria.[8] If unanimity is not necessary for a democratic decision to be fully justified, it would be great to know which of these majority systems is democratic. A moments reflection makes it clear that none of them is perfect as far as democracy is concerned. However, a simple majority is better as it scores on retrospective equality than the other contenders. The defect of unanimity rules applies. Whenever the community requires complete consensus so as to pass any proposal, one person will be able to stand in the way of the entire process. In this case, retrospective, only the views of the nay-sayer is heard. Unanimity rule is clearly troubling, and this is so because it departs from retrospective equality to such a possibly high degree. Stipulated majority criterion is also difficult to implement for the same reason.[9] If the stipulated majority is high, the majority required to pass a proposal is also high. At the same time, if a larger majority is needed, the minority that can derail the process becomes smaller, which makes it depart from retrospective equality. This analysis illustrates how a simple majority criterion is the easiest way of getting to retrospective equality. Irrespective of how one looks at it, the majority rule has its own defects. Majority role cannot perfectly attain retrospective equality. [10]While this rule enables the maximum number of people possible to get away with what they want, this kind of democratic decision cannot achieve complete retrospective equality of power as the minority has almost no say on the leadership. At this point, it is clear that unanimity promises some benefits. The level of retrospective equality that can be achieved under unanimity on some particular options is so high that majority rule cannot provide. Unfortunately, in most cases, the lack of effective procedural rules makes it impossible to create this kind of consensus.[11] Any procedural rule that requires unanimity cannot create consensus, but as already indicated in this paper, they cream room for minorities to decide the fate of an entire community. While majority rule prevents this kind of happening, it does this at the expense of the determination of outcomes by a majority. To this end, it is clear that majority rule constitutes a departure from a critical principle of democracy that requires all people to be guaranteed equal power over outcomes.[12] On the weaknesses of majority rule, as a way of solving allocation problems that increase satisfaction, a similar problem arises. One may say it is easier to criticize it than provide a better alternative. The society needs options that can solve these problems without sacrificing the protection that the majority provides over the tyrannous minority that exercises their power under unanimity. [13],[14] The alternative should not take away the values of popular interest and involvement in the policy making process. It appears that the best way out is to use different decision-making rules for different situations. The type of question to solved and the nature of the prevailing circumstances can determine the choice of the rule to adopt. Unanimity can be used in the community at particular moments, but not always. Given that there are scenarios that all these criteria can be used in a democratic society, it is useful to know that when unanimity is not used, it does not necessarily mean the decision is less democratic.[15] It is possible, for example, to make decisions unanimously in small groups whose members view each other with respect and also consider each other as equals, particularly when they are dealing with critical matters. Whenever unanimity is impractical, they can approach unanimity as closely as possible. On the other hand, small groups whose ability to reach consensus is low can also insist on unanimity based on mutual distrust rather than mutual respect. When the latter happens, one cannot say they have achieved democracy through unanimity; rather it is duress and fear to stand for what one believes in. This is a special tenet of democracy, and if it is possible to comprise through this kind of consensus, then it is not a cornerstone of democracy. In addition, in large groups, unanimity is often impracticable because of diversity. A group cannot ignore the diverse opinion of people by requiring them to follow a particular path as that also is against democracy. However, for large groups whose ability to agree on issues is high, a simple majority can work. For heterogeneous democratic communities and societies where divisions are extremely high, concurrence by more than a simple majority can work. [16] At this final point, it is clear that this paper successfully has demonstrated that there are different factors that a community must put into consideration before deciding on their preferred criteria for making democratic decisions. Unanimity is not always necessary for a decision to be considered entirely democratic. A group decision that is characterized by equality among the members is fully democrat. References Bickmore, Kathy. Learning Inclusion: Inclusion in Learning: Citizenship Education for a Plural Society. Washington, D.C.: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse, 1993. Corley, Pamela C. "Monolithic Solidarity." The Puzzle of Unanimity, 2013, 114-40. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804784726.003.0005. Cruz, Julio Baquero, and Carlos Closa Montero. European integration from Rome to Berlin, 1957-2007: history, law and politics. Brussels: PIE - P. Lang, 2009. Doel, Hans Van den., and Ben Van. Velthoven. Democracy and welfare economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Goodman, Paul. Drawing the line. New York: Random House, 1962. Hindriks, Jean, and Gareth D. Myles. Intermediate public economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. Lang, G. H., and James Wright. Unanimity: the divine method of church government. Hayesville, NC: Schoettle Pub. Co., 1990. Lundin, Rolf A. "Organizational Economy - The Politics of Unanimity and Suppressed Competition." Organizing Industrial Development. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1515/9783110860887.29. Pathi, R. L. Indian democracy: a minority rule? Hanamkonda: Vision and Mission Publications in association with School of Inspiring Research and Innovation, 2000. Piris, Jean-Claude. The Lisbon Treaty: a legal and political analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. "Unanimity of Action." Radiology 6, no. 4 (1926): 344-45. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1148/6.4.344b. Weale, Albert. "Unanimity, Consensus and Majority Rule." Democracy, 1999, 124-47. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27291-4_7. Weale, Albert. "Aggregation, Unanimity and Majority Rule." Democracy, 2007, 155-80. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-37378-5_7. Wilhelm, Jochen E. M. "On Stakeholders Unanimity." Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives, 1987, 179-204. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75060-1_11. Woolf, Alex, and John Michael. Rawcliffe. Democracy. London: Evans, 2009. Works, John D. One year of Democratic rule: speech of Hon. John D. Works of California in the Senate of the United States: March 6, 1914. Washington, 1911 [1] . John, Works. One year of Democratic rule: speech of Hon. John D. Works of California in the Senate of the United States: March 6, 1914. Washington, 1911. [2] . Albert, Weale,. "Unanimity, Consensus and Majority Rule." Democracy, 1999, 124-47. oi:10.1007/978-1-349-27291-4_7. [3] . Jean, Hindriks, and Gareth D. Myles. Intermediate public economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. [4] . Pamela, Corley. "Monolithic Solidarity." The Puzzle of Unanimity, 2013, 114-40. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804784726.003.0005. [5] . Kathy, Bickmore. Learning Inclusion: Inclusion in Learning: Citizenship Education for a Plural Society. Washington, D.C.: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse, 1993. [6] . Alex, Woolf and John Michael. Rawcliffe. Democracy. London: Evans, 2009. [7] . Albert, Weale."Aggregation, Unanimity and Majority Rule." Democracy, 2007, 155-80. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-37378-5_7. [8] . Pathi, R. L. Indian democracy: a minority rule? Hanamkonda: Vision and Mission Publications in association with School of Inspiring Research and Innovation, 2000. [9] Rolf, Lundin. "Organizational Economy - The Politics of Unanimity and Suppressed Competition." Organizing Industrial Development. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1515/9783110860887.29. [10] . Jochen, Wilhelm . "On Stakeholders Unanimity." Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives, 1987, 179-204. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75060-1_11. [11] . Cruz, Julio Baquero, and Carlos Closa Montero. European integration from Rome to Berlin, 1957-2007: history, law and politics. Brussels: PIE - P. Lang, 2009. [12] . "Unanimity of Action." Radiology 6, no. 4 (1926): 344-45. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1148/6.4.344b. [13] . Jean-Claude, Piris . The Lisbon Treaty: a legal and political analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 [14] . Paul, Goodman. Drawing the line. New York: Random House, 1962. [15] . Hindriks, Jean, and Gareth D. Myles. Intermediate public economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. [16] . Rolf, Lundin. "Organizational Economy - The Politics of Unanimity and Suppressed Competition." Organizing Industrial Development. Accessed May 12, 2017. doi:10.1515/9783110860887.29.